Síntesis y caracterización de nancelulosa a partir de residuos de biomasa de cáscaras de piña, tusa de maíz, colillas de cigarrillo y papel reciclado

Abstract

The research objective was to obtain nanocellulose from biomass residues of pineapple peels, corn husks, cigarette butts and recycled paper, by means of a theoretical and practical study based on physicochemical processes. It began with the characterization of the residues that acted as raw material for the procedure, determining the percentage of moisture, ash, density, solubility in hot water, lignin and alpha cellulose; in addition, the raw material, cellulose and nanocellulose were analyzed by optical microscopy, infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and UV Visible spectrophotometer. The process began with the implementation of a pretreatment for each raw material, then cellulose was extracted with three replicates by alkaline treatment with 5% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) at two temperatures (50°C; 90°C), in the case of pineapple peel acetic acid (CH3COOH) was added at a ratio of 3: 1, to obtain a whitish cellulose 1% sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) was used, the results were interpreted by ANOVA statistical analysis, considering that the recycled paper treatment obtained the best yield (89.19% at 50°C). Finally, nanocellulose was synthesized by applying the acid hydrolysis process using 65% sulfuric acid (H2SO4), at 45°C, with the addition of ultrasound. It is concluded that the nanocellulose samples have a transmittance between 1.826 and 93.878%, it presents specific measurements that vary between 50nm to 9um identified from the SEM, the functional groups that cellulose presents were observed using FTIR and the EDS showed that the composition is given by carbon and oxygen. It is recommended to carry out a better pretreatment to eliminate impurities and thus prevent the cellulose from compacting; with respect to the nanocellulose for its characterization, to make sheets with a favorable thickness and appropriate dilutions.