Caracterización de microorganismos fúngicos asociados a los frutos de chonta (Bactris gasipaes kunth), en cinco localidades de la provincia de Orellana.

Abstract

This investigation aims to characterize the fungal microorganisms associated with chonta fruits (Bactris gasipaes Kunth) in five places belonging to Orellana province. Different phenotypes (bright yellow, orange yellow and dark reddish-red) of chonta attacked by fungal mycoorganisms were collected in these places of San Francisco de Asis, El Coca, Sani Isla, Patasyaku and San José. Direct and indirect isolations of the fruits were made, and the fungal colonies that appeared were recorded and grouped by morphotypes. In the macroscopic characterization of the morphotypes, cultural characters such as: color of the front, back, shape, margin, texture and elevation of the colonies were recorded; and the microscopic characterization of the morphotypes was carried out by means of the plate and microculture technique, therefore, data of fungal structures were recorded. Fungal diversity was evaluated by means of relative abundance and using the R 3.6 program, the number of effective species, species richness and Shannony Simpson's diversity indexes were estimated. Fungal diversity was different in these places, demonstrating that San Francisco de Asis has most diversity of fungal microorganisms and the El Coca has the least one. Likewise, the Kruskal-Wallis confirmed this difference according to the diversity indexes in these places. The symptomatologic manifestations found in the chonta fruit phenotypes were: necrosis, soft rots, dry rots, presence of crusts, exudates and masses of white hyphae, black mycelium and green mold. The fungal microorganisms present were the genera Geotrichum spp., Mucor spp., Penicillium spp., Cladosporium spp., Fusarium spp., Trichoderma spp. and Ceratocystis spp. It is recommended to perform pathogenicity tests to verify this symptomatology and to make molecular and phylogenetic analyses of the fungal microorganisms found on chonta fruits for a species level identification.