Bacterias poliextremófilas en lagunas de alta montaña y el potencial de su bioprospección: revisión

Abstract

The aim of this research was to describe polyextremophilic bacteria, their adaptation mechanisms in high mountain lagoons and the bioprospection potential of their metabolites. A detailed search for information regarding the proposed topic was developed, compiling scientific and review articles, taking into account a maximum period of ten years since they were published in journals with SCImago Journal indexing & Rank (SJR), available in NCBI international databases, PLoS, Springer, Elsevier, Science Direct, BioMed, Scielo, etc. By means of the triangulation of selected information, it was possible to extract data from physicochemical and geological variables of these ecosystems as well as bacteria and the adaptation mechanisms for their survival from some polyextremophilic models and the potential application of their bioproducts. The bibliographic information on the lakes was organized according to their geographical location, typology and depth, temperature, electrical conductivity, salinity, pH, heavy metals and radiation physicochemical variables; Regarding the resistance mechanisms, a categorized matrix was carried out for the types of selective pressure like: low temperature, UV radiation, arsenic, antibiotics, pH and salinity; finally, the potential applications for each metabolite studied (fatty acids, pigments, compatible solutes, antifreeze proteins, biosurfactants, enzymes, chaperones and polyhydroxyalkanoates) were tabulated. From 56 lakes analyzed, most of them are halo-alkaliphilic, with temperatures about 10 degrees Celsius, these conditions boost the evolution of polyextremophiles (Salinivibrio, Acinetobacter, Sphingomonas, Subtercola, Exiguobacterium), becoming capable for taking advantage of environmental pressures through metabolic and molecular structural adaptations which allow using by-products in medical, chemical, food and environmental applications. The importance of biodiscovery studies in high altitude ecosystems lies in the potential for their exploration at a social and industrial level. Therefore, it is necessary to expand the research to understudied areas in order to justify the lack of basic information and its expansion to Astrobiology and Synthetic Biology fields